Trichinellosis (Trichinosis)

Report Trichinosis within one week using this Form.

• Trichinellosis Resources for Health Professionals
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases
  Disease, Diagnosis of Trichinella Infection, Treatment
   
• Trichinellosis FAQs
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases
  Frequently asked questions about Trichinellosis
   
• Trichinellosis Home Page
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases
  Articles from Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), and Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID).

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[Trichinellosis (TRICK-a-NELL-o-sis)/Trichinosis (TRICK-a-NO-sis)]
A person can get trichinellosis (trichinosis) after eating improperly cooked meat infected with the worm Trichinella spiralis. When a person eats meat from an infected animal, trichinella cysts hatch in the intestines and grow into adult roundworms. The roundworms then produce offspring that migrate through the lining of the intestines and into the bloodstream. These parasites invade muscle tissues, including the heart and diaphragm. They can also affect the lungs and brain.

Many people with trichinosis have no symptoms at all. Persons who show symptoms usually have nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal discomfort. Headache, fever, chills, cough, swelling of the upper eyelids, aching joints and muscle pain, itchy skin, diarrhea, or constipation may occur after the first symptoms. If the infection is heavy, patients may have problems coordinating movements and have heart and breathing problems.

Trichinosis is a common infection worldwide. Trichinosis is not only common in swine but also be found in dogs, cats, horses, rats, and in many wild animals, including fox, wolf, bear, polar bear, wild boar, marine mammals in the Arctic, hyena, jackal, lion, and leopard. In recent years, there have been recorded outbreaks traced to eating improperly cooked bear meat.

In the United States, infection was once very common; however, infection is now relatively rare. From 1991-1996, an annual average of 38 cases per year were reported. The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork products. Cases are less commonly associated with pork products and more often associated with eating raw or undercooked wild game meats.

The worm is spread when animals ingest infected animal flesh. Rats and other rodents maintain the infection in nature. Pigs and bears may eat the rodents, which, in turn, may infect humans.

Anyone who eats undercooked meat of infected animals can develop trichinosis.

Thoroughly cook (to at least 170°F) all fresh pork and pork products. Other raw and undercooked meat should also be avoided, especially meat from wild animals.

Freezing infected meats at -13 °F for 10 days or longer will also kill the parasite; however, some cold resistant strains found in some Arctic wildlife cannot be killed this way.

If processing meats, grind pork in a separate grinder or clean the grinder thoroughly before and after processing other meats.

Consult your healthcare provider.

Diagnosis of trichinosis in man is often difficult because symptoms usually don't occur until about a week after the infected meat is eaten; the clinical signs of the disease may be absent in the early stages and those noted in the later stages often simulate other diseases.

Trichinosis is diagnosed by a blood test or by a biopsy of the muscle to identify the parasite.

The healthcare provider will use specific drugs to treat trichinosis based on the severity of the disease and the condition of the patient.

Since trichinellosis is found worldwide, the traveler should observe the indicated precautions when eating meat.